Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
審査 and 審議: Evaluating works and deliberating proposals
Compare reviewing submitted works or documents with deliberating a proposed rule. Identify evaluation targets and matters for discussion without inferring an unstated outcome.
可決 and 否決: Passing and rejecting a proposal
Compare the passage of a budget or proposal with the rejection of an amendment. Separate the vote outcome from future implementation or the stated retention of an original plan.
採決 and 決議: Taking a vote and recording a resolution
Compare moving to a vote or scheduling one for tomorrow with adopting or recording a resolution. Keep the group-rules resolution and mock-assembly context within their stated scope.
施行 and 施工: Implementing rules and carrying out construction
Compare 施行（しこう） for rules or systems with 施工（せこう） for construction. Read the play’s past implementation separately from a session held before implementation.
制定, 改定, and 改訂: Establishing rules and revising different objects
Compare establishing rules, revising fees or terms, and revising guides or dictionary editions. The object helps distinguish the two spellings read かいてい.
設立 and 解散: Establishing a group and dispersing a gathering
Compare residents establishing a reading group with a team dispersing after practice or an expedition ending in a story. Read group formation and dispersal in their stated contexts.
合併 and 統合: Merging organizations and integrating rosters
Compare a planned company merger with two rosters integrated into one table. Keep practice in gathering opinions about facility integration distinct from a completed integration.
主催, 共催, and 後援: Hosting, cohosting, and supporting events
Compare a library hosting, a library and school cohosting, and a merchants’ association or university supporting an event. Read the organizational relationship and the stated timing.
招待 and 招致: Inviting people and seeking to host an event
Compare an exhibition invitation received by letter with a proposal to bring a traveling exhibition to a region. Read the invitation’s recipient and the event sought for a locality.
運営 and 管理: Running activities and managing resources
Compare residents running a library with managing a warehouse key or daily expense records. Distinguish the activity being run from the particular resource or record being managed.
任命 and 就任: appointing someone and taking up a position
Compare an employee being appointed chair or department head with a chair taking office and a future theater-company head. Identify the appointee, the position, and the stated timing.
派遣 and 出張: dispatching people and travelling for work
Read the company sending an engineer alongside preparations to dispatch a team, a planned business trip, and a return. Distinguish the sending organization from the person travelling for work.
本社 and 支社: headquarters and regional branches
Trace a headquarters meeting, a branch report, future work in Osaka, and representatives gathering at the head office. Identify the organizational relationship and preserve 支店 in the report example.
企業 and 商業: a company as actor and commerce as a field
Compare a company’s student tour and technology with a map-based study of commerce and a fictional commercial-district model. Distinguish the company unit from the activity or field.
照会 and 照合: answering inquiries and cross-checking records
Compare asking a store or answering a department’s inquiry with checking numbers and dates across records. Distinguish the responding party from the material compared.
控え: a reserve player and a copy of an application
Identify the person in 控えの選手 and the document in 申込書の控え. Compare a reserve player entering the game with a request to keep a copy until a procedure is complete.
連絡先 and 宛先: contact information and a message’s recipient
Compare entering or exchanging contact information with addressing an envelope or checking an email recipient. Read a contact route separately from the destination of a particular message.
抽選 and 採決: choosing by lottery and taking a vote
Compare lottery selection and the possibility of a front-row choice with moving to a vote or scheduling one for a revised proposal. Identify the method without inventing odds or voting requirements.
申告 and 申請: reporting contents and requesting action
Compare declaring luggage contents and classroom practice with fictional data against scholarship paperwork and a permission request. Read the reported facts, requested action, and reply separately.
発行 and 証明: issuing documents and proving facts
Compare issuing a newsletter or membership card with proving a triangle property or a person’s presence. Identify the medium issued and the fact or property established.
料理 and 調理: Dishes and food preparation
Compare 料理 naming fish and seasonal-vegetable dishes with 調理 describing the preparation of ingredients. Read washing before cooking separately from the possibility of enjoying a dish.
食事 and 飲食: A meal and eating or drinking
Compare a family meal and a meal delivered during a hospital stay with 飲食 as eating and drinking. Keep delivery, consumption, and the stated venue boundaries distinct.
食品 and 食料: Food products and provisions
Read 食品 in product displays and 食料 as food prepared for a hike or held as provisions. Compare their naming focus without dividing foods by processing or assuming refrigeration was completed.
材料 and 原料: Materials and a product’s raw material
Compare ingredients or model-making materials with the raw material of paper and sweets. Follow the wood-to-product relationship rather than imposing a fixed manufacturing stage.
献立 and 配膳: Menu content and serving a meal
Distinguish a planned or displayed menu from setting out and serving food. Read 配膳 completed before the guests arrive without adding their arrival or consumption.
外食 and 自炊: Eating out and cooking for oneself
Compare a decision to eat out, a wish to eat at home, and weekday cooking. Keep the meal-preparation focus of 自炊 separate from the number of people eating.
食卓に and 食卓を: A location and the object of gathering
Compare dishes arranged on a table with a family gathering around it. Follow に and を alongside the subject and verb to identify the table’s different noun roles.
米 and 稲: Rice and the rice plant in a field
Compare 米 being washed or described as growing with 稲 standing in a field or appearing golden. Preserve the rice-crop wording and keep observation separate from harvest.
麦, 小麦, and 穀物: Cereal names and their scope
Compare 麦 in field and bread examples, 小麦 as wheat, and 穀物 as a collective grain name. Preserve the supplied grain and wheat translations without forcing 麦 to mean barley everywhere.
果物 and 果実: Eating fruit and describing fruit on a tree
Compare 果物 in breakfast and shop displays with 果実 growing on a tree or giving off a ripe scent. Preserve overlap instead of dividing the words into edible and inedible fruit.