Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
業務 and 事務: duties and administrative work
Compare regular duties with organizing invoices and simplifying administrative procedures. Read their scope and supporting systems while allowing the work to overlap.
組織 and 団体: organizing and a group acting together
Compare organizing an investigation team with a group cleaning a riverbank or using a reservation service. Read the perspective on the group rather than defining the words by size.
部署 and 部門: a department and a classification category
Compare departments where people work with categories used for film awards and sales reporting. Preserve the different perspectives without fixing their size or hierarchy.
所属 and 配属: affiliation and departmental assignment
Compare being affiliated with an organization with being assigned to a department. Keep a future placement decision separate from the start of its handover.
求人 and 求職: job openings and seeking work
Compare a vacancy notice or job listings with a job seeker's checking and consultation activities. Separate the information from the activity of looking for work.
募集 and 応募: calling for entries and responding
Compare recruiting festival helpers or collecting works with entering a photograph or applying for a job. Read the direction of the action across people and creative submissions.
就職 and 就業: getting a job and work activity
Compare plans and preparation for getting a job with employment support and a factory's working hours. Keep the transition and the activity distinct without imposing a fixed sequence.
勤務, 通勤, and 出勤: work and the journey to work
Compare hospital employment, a request to change working hours, a train commute, and going to work on a particular day. Separate work relationships from travel intervals.
赴任 and 転勤: taking up a post and changing work location
Compare a manager's or principal's arrival to take up a post with a change of work location. Preserve overlap and distinguish a future posting from a family's completed move.
辞任 and 引退: leaving a position and retiring
Compare a chair's intention to resign with an athlete's retirement announcement and life after retirement. Read the position or activity and each statement's timing.
雇用 and 従事: employment opportunities and work in a field
Compare local job creation and discussion of how to protect stable employment with engagement in health care or hazardous work. Read opportunities and activity in a field as different information.
面接 and 面談: an interview and an individual meeting
Compare preparation for an interview with career consultation and individual meetings with applicants. Read the purpose of the encounter while allowing the words' scopes to overlap.
昇進 and 昇格: advancement in position and rank
Compare the two words for advancement to section manager with practice aimed at moving up from a lower league. Read their overlap and the wider range of status or rank.
異動 and 移動: personnel changes and physical movement
Use personnel notices, department changes, room-to-room travel, and luggage transport to distinguish the two spellings of いどう. Read personnel changes separately from physical movement.
兼業 and 専業: combining occupations and focusing on one
Compare combining farming and restaurant work with focusing on one occupation in farming or translation, using the company-rule and fictional-translator examples.
代理 and 代表: substituting for a person and representing a group
Compare attending or receiving a package in a person's place with representing a class or town. Identify the individual being substituted for and the group being represented.
委託 and 委任: entrusted work and delegated procedures
Compare facility cleaning entrusted to a specialist company with contract procedures delegated to a person in charge. Read the scope of work and the representative relationship in the documents.
営業 and 操業: business operation and production or fishing
Compare a shop's Sunday opening and a family's inn operation with factory and fishing-boat activity. Read the range of business operation, production, and fishing in their stated contexts.
商談 and 交渉: commercial discussion and adjusting conditions
Compare checking an estimate before a business meeting with negotiation over delivery dates or construction hours. Read the commercial or condition-adjustment focus and its progress.
入札 and 落札: participation in bidding and a winning result
Compare a city's repair tender and companies' equipment bids with winning a watch or a painting at auction. Separate participation in the competition from a successful-bid result.
解約 and 解除: Ending a contract and releasing a lock
Compare ending an unused service contract with unlocking a door or deactivating an alarm. Identify the contract or state affected and the timing of the stated actions.
署名 and 証明書: Signing and verifying with a document
Compare signing a contract or collecting signatures with applying for an enrollment certificate or requiring address verification. Distinguish an action from a document’s function.
手続き and 手順: Formalities and ordered task steps
Compare address-change and application formalities with assembling a shelf or reviewing work steps. Read the official processing function separately from the order of execution.
指定席 and 自由席: Assigned and unreserved seating
Compare a reserved-seat number on a ticket with a ticket for general seating. The distinction concerns seat assignment, rather than price or the number of available seats.
加入 and 脱退: Entering and leaving membership
Compare enrolling in insurance or joining a union with leaving an organization or federation. Keep membership direction distinct from checking requirements and deciding to withdraw.
参列 and 出席: Ceremony attendance and broader attendance
Compare attendance at a wedding or ceremony with attendance at a meeting or class. Read the event attended without imposing a passive-versus-active division.
接客 and 接待: Customer service and guest hospitality
Compare customer-service basics learned from a manager with preparing a room to receive guests. Read service and hospitality without inferring expenses or a completed contract.
特典 and 免除: A benefit and relief from a burden
Compare a commemorative-gift benefit with tuition or exercise exemptions. Distinguish receiving an added benefit from being relieved of a particular cost or activity.
規約 and 規定: Terms, rules, and specified provisions
Compare reading terms before registration with preparing equipment under tournament regulations. Read the content and target of the rules without imposing a legal hierarchy.
適用 and 適応: Applying a rule and adapting to an environment
Compare applying a rule to shops or a discount under a stated condition with adapting to a new life or dry conditions. Distinguish a standard and its target from a target and its environment.