Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
普遍: A Question Across Eras and a Principle Under Review
Compare a story’s universal question with examining whether a principle holds universally. Identify the description of a question and the scope being investigated.
単純 and 複雑: Actual Structure and Mixed Feelings
Compare a structure that is simpler than it looks with complicated passages and a face showing mixed feelings. Identify appearance, structure, and the object of evaluation.
実際 and 実態: Direct Experience and Actual Conditions
Compare the real size of a building and the experience of making something with working conditions revealed by an investigation. Read direct experience separately from the scope of understanding actual circumstances.
事実 and 真実: Confirmed Content and Approaching the Truth
Compare reporting confirmed facts and an unexpected fact in a story with coming closer to truth through testimony. Read the information given and the process or wish involving truth.
形式: A Document Format and a Meeting’s Form
Compare saving an application in a designated format with a meeting conducted as dialogue. Identify the document or exchange organized by 形式 without adding approval or consensus.
本来: A Room’s Original Use and a Tool’s Intended Purpose
Compare a room once used as an archive with a proposal to use tools for their intended purposes. Distinguish a past use from the standard for a proposed action.
程度: The Extent Qualifying a Noun
Compare a task small enough to finish in an hour with exercise within a manageable extent. Read how the description before 程度 qualifies the following noun.
相互 and 共同: Reciprocal Cooperation and Shared Work
Compare cooperation and a purpose of mutual understanding with jointly managing a garden and developing material. Read reciprocal direction and the activity performed together.
共通 and 同様: A Shared Feature and a Similar Manner
Compare low cost and common concerns with following the same procedure and wishing to show equal respect. Identify a shared feature and a manner applied similarly.
種類: Counting Kinds and Recognizing Types
Read ten kinds of tea and recognizing plant types from leaf shape. Distinguish a count of kinds from a count of cups or leaves and identify the recognition clue.
対象: intended beginners and selected survey households
Read the intended learners of a course and households selected for a survey, separating their target roles from actual attendance or responses.
標準 and 水準: standard equipment and quality or learning levels
Compare a fitted safety device and regionally standard sizes with a factory's quality standard and a learner's reading and writing level.
性質 and 性格: material properties and personal traits
Compare dissolving substances and quick-drying fabric with a cheerful younger sister and twins whose personalities differ, retaining the representative subjects.
法則 and 規則: observed regularities and library rules
Compare a motion law confirmed by experiment and a word-order pattern with following a library rule and explaining a new rule.
属性: applicant attributes and a story tool's fire attribute
Read age and occupation compiled as applicant attributes alongside a fire attribute assigned to a tool in a story.
本質 and 根本: continuing essence and an underlying issue
Compare an essence beyond numbers or changed form with a root problem and a need to review a system from the ground up.
成立: an agreed contract and a story's legendary background
Read the contract concluded after both sides agreed and the old legend forming a story's background, identifying each object of 成立.
占める: an entire wall and half of all users
Compare the wall occupied by a bookcase with the proportion accounted for by young users, retaining one wall and half the total.
含む: material costs in a fee and a faint scent in the air
Read the material costs included in a participation fee and the faint floral scent held by the morning air, keeping each inclusion bounded.
当たる: a ball hitting a window and people meeting conditions
Use the window and conditions before に to distinguish physical contact from applicability, preserving the impact and the request to apply.
該当 and 相当: matching an item, considerable time and qualifying experience
Distinguish matching requirements or a listed item from considerable repair time and experience qualifying under an application requirement.
対立 and 矛盾: conflicting opinions and inconsistent content
Compare conflict over land use and talks to resolve it with a contradictory explanation and a question about wanting convenience and quiet.
成分 and 要素: material components, story elements and a growth factor
Distinguish ingredients and components checked or analyzed from elements contributing to a story and temperature as a factor in plant growth.
背景: a clock tower in a photo and the background to a system change
Read a clock tower visible in a photo's background alongside an article explaining the background to a change in a system.
極端 and 適度: drastic differences in length and suitable degrees
Compare thinking only in support or opposition and drastically different model lengths with moderate lighting and a suitable rest for dough.
余分: extra socks for a possible extra day and an unnecessary explanation
Distinguish an extra pair of socks packed for a possible longer trip from unnecessary explanation actually removed from a text.
異常 and 正常: checks, warnings, normal operation and a normal range
Compare checking a model and reading a warning with an inspection finding normal operation and body temperature returning to a normal range.
妥当 and 適切: a supported judgment and choices suited to a situation
Read a conclusion and a venue assessment with 妥当 alongside appropriate words and a request for suitable treatment with 適切.
厳密: a slight difference in meaning and precise temperature control
Distinguish a strictly qualified judgment about word meanings from the obligation to control room temperature precisely during an experiment.
現象: a named event and the reference 同じ現象 determined by context
Distinguish the explicitly named phenomenon of freezing water from the same phenomenon identified through the separate sentence's context.