現象: a named event and the reference 同じ現象 determined by context
Distinguish the explicitly named phenomenon of freezing water from the same phenomenon identified through the separate sentence's context.
Naming an event and referring to the same event
現象 (げんしょう) means phenomenon. 水が凍る現象 explicitly identifies water freezing as the event. 同じ現象 refers to the same phenomenon already under consideration in its own context.
水が凍る modifies 現象 by naming the event, while 同じ points to an identical event identified through context. The two examples are independent, so the second reference is not automatically tied to water freezing in the first.
An observed phenomenon and an investigation of occurrence elsewhere
「水が凍る現象を温度とともに観察した。」 (We observed the phenomenon of water freezing in relation to temperature.) The phenomenon of water freezing was actually observed in relation to temperature. The event is explicitly named. No exact temperature, observation method or cause is supplied.
「同じ現象が別の場所でも起きるか調べた。」 (We investigated whether the same phenomenon occurred elsewhere.) The occurrence of the same phenomenon elsewhere was investigated. 別の場所でも起きるか identifies occurrence elsewhere as the question examined. It supplies neither the investigation's location nor a confirmed occurrence elsewhere.
Read the event's content and its contextual reference
The first 現象 has its content named as water freezing. The referent of 同じ現象 must be identified within the second sentence's own context. Naming an event and referring to the same one provide different information.
Read the observed event and the investigation of occurrence within their separate scenes. Treating the examples as successive stages of one experiment or importing the first event into 同じ現象 adds a connection the second sentence does not supply.
How is the phenomenon identified in 水が凍る現象 and 同じ現象?
Show the answer and why
The first explicitly names water freezing. The second refers to the same phenomenon under consideration in its own context, where its referent must be identified. It is not automatically water freezing from the independent first example.