Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
職務 and 任務: Assigned Duties and Receiving a Mission
Compare fulfilled job duties and knowledge learned in training with receiving a bridge-guarding mission and returning after completing a mission. Separate assignment from completion.
職員 and 従業員: Staff References and All Employees
Compare asking library staff where to find a book with a facility employee's guidance, a store employee's explanation, and training for all employees. Preserve overlapping employee terms and target quantities.
社員 and 会社員: Company Membership and an Occupation
Compare new employees' introductions and a break-room renovation with a company employee's job and nighttime painting study. Distinguish membership, occupation, purpose, and stated results.
公務員 and 官僚: Public-Service Work, Preparation, and Story Context
Compare a civil servant at city hall and examination study with a bureaucrat's explanation and officials in a story. Keep current work, preparation, and the fictional setting distinct.
役員 and 幹部: Overlapping Company Roles and a Union Officer
Compare company executives explaining a policy with officers elected for the next fiscal year and a union officer's election. Preserve organizational scope and the stated timing.
上司 and 部下: Who Explains, Who Listens, and a Prohibition
Distinguish explaining a proposal to a supervisor from a supervisor listening to subordinates. Read the prohibition on placing all responsibility on subordinates as a rule, not a reported incident.
職種 and 職業: A Preferred Job Category and an Occupation Field
Compare a preferred job category on an application with office worker in the occupation field. Separate qualification differences and career research from employment or qualification results.
人材 and 人脈: Needed Talent and Helpful Connections
Compare a course's start and the need for experienced people with help from earlier connections and a wish to value trust. Separate capable people from the network between people.
職場 and 部署: A Workplace Commute and an Organizational Department
Compare a forty-minute train journey and a lunchtime walk with next month's departmental work and cooperation among three departments. Distinguish place, organizational unit, and time.
配属 and 就任: Department Placement, Taking Office, and Timing
Compare an actual department assignment and a handover after next month's placement was decided with a chair's appointment and a planned theater-company appointment. Preserve each stage.
係 and 係員: An Assigned Role and the Staff Member in Charge
Compare handing an application to reception and taking a venue-guiding role with consulting a gate attendant and following emergency-door instructions. Distinguish the role, person, and reported action.
総務 and 事務: An Administrative Contact and Office Work
Compare receiving a key and a request to ask administrative staff with invoice organization and a system simplifying procedures. Distinguish contact or department references from office-work activities.
履歴 and 履歴書: Activity or Usage History and a Resume
Compare an applicant's activity history and a device usage log with mailing a resume and rewriting its employment-history section. Distinguish the recorded content, document, and delivery stage.
推薦 and 推薦状: Recommending Something and Attaching a Letter
Compare a teacher's recommendation for a scholarship and a beginner's book recommendation with attaching a letter to an application. Distinguish the target, action, and document without adding selection.
資格 and 免許: Eligibility and Licenses in Fiction or Class
Compare a qualifying-round attempt and qualification study with a novel character's license and fictional-license practice in class. Separate purposes, study, and fictional documents from actual attainment.
給与, 給料, and 賃金: Received Pay and Checked Conditions
Compare a deposit, a meal paid for from the first paycheck, and a story's remittance with checking job-posting or contract terms and discussing wages. Preserve the pay terms' overlap without fixed payment rules.
契約 and 契約書: A Contract Relationship and Its Document
Compare fictional-contract reading in class and termination in a play with reading before signing and keeping copies. Preserve relationship and document references without adding real legal effect.
待遇 and 厚生: Treatment of People and Employee or Community Welfare
Compare checking working conditions and instructing fair customer treatment with employee-welfare facilities and community activities considered in class. Preserve targets and reported stages.
稼ぐ and 扶養: Earning Money and Supporting Family
Compare earning travel or living expenses with supporting parents and entering the number of supported family members. Distinguish the money's purpose, support target, and application entry.
副業 and 兼業: A Side Job, Combined Activities, and Rule Checks
Compare photography on days off with a family's farm and restaurant. Separate checking company rules or permitted scope from individual approval or starting combined work, while preserving translation overlap.
自営 and 経営: running your own business and managing it
Compare 自営 and 経営 through a personally run shop, a couple's inn, and reviewed expenses, while keeping preparation separate from starting a business.
経営 and 運営: managing a business and running activities
Read 経営 through an inn and a store's expenses, and 運営 through a library and competition, without making profit status a fixed dividing line.
創業 and 起業: a business's beginnings and starting one
Compare founding history with launching a translation service, and distinguish the company's starting point from research done before a business begins.
創立, 創設, and 設立: objects, commemorations, and preparation
Compare the founding of a school, company, theater group, library, and reading group while separating commemorations from discussions before establishment.
倒産 and 廃業: business failure, closure, and stated causes
Compare bankruptcy and uncollectable payment with a studio's closure and a search for a successor, preserving the cause and the stage before a decision.
退職 and 辞職: leaving employment and resigning from a position
Compare leaving a company after thirty years with an announced resignation next month, keeping service length distinct from age and timing distinct from completion.
解雇 and 失業: an employer's action and a jobless state
Compare dismissal with unemployment after a factory closes, and preserve the limited scope of precautionary consultation and inquiries about support.
復職 and 就任: returning to work and taking a position
Compare return after recovery with taking a chair or theater company role, preserving the difference between a wish, a meeting, a celebration, and a future plan.
残業: negated overtime and an unexpected delay
Read 残業せず with leaving on time and 急な残業 with lateness for dinner, preserving negation and avoiding a nighttime-only interpretation of overtime.
働く and 勤める: work, function, and an employment relation
Compare a person working and a spring functioning with employment at a library and a father's former factory, keeping subjects and current or past timing distinct.