Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
持参 and 持ち込む: bringing a needed item and bringing it into a site
Compare bringing identification along with bringing drinks into a library. Read the needed-item purpose and the relation of bringing an outside item into the specified place.
担ぐ and 持つ: carrying on the shoulder and holding more broadly
Compare shoulder carrying with holding a box. Weight or distance alone does not identify the shoulder posture; also preserve broader possession uses.
送る and 送信: the sent object and information transmission
Compare sending a package or accompanying a person with transmitting information such as email. Read the object, destination, and checking-before-sending order.
付属 and 添付: an included component and material added to a document
Compare instructions included with a device with attaching a copy to an application. Read the inclusion relation and the added material without limiting either to physical gluing.
取り出す and 収納: taking out and storing inside the same container
Compare taking a part out of a box with storing it inside that same box. Read the source marked by から and the destination marked by に separately from tidying the whole space.
窓口 and 受付: a contact route and the reception function
Compare an advice contact point with receiving visitors at reception. Read the contact route and receiving function, preserving requests and planned start times.
分類 and 区別: forming groups and recognizing differences
Compare grouping collected leaves by their properties with distinguishing similar birds. Group formation and recognizing differences can work together.
識別 and 照合: identifying from features and checking against a record
Compare identifying birds by their calls with checking a number against a roster. Distinguish the feature cue from the comparison record without assuming a match from execution alone.
納入 and 納品: shared goods delivery and 納入 for tuition payment
Compare 納入 of equipment or tuition with 納品 of goods. Read the object as goods or money, keeping a deadline check separate from completed payment.
整理 and 整頓: organizing thoughts and arranging physical objects
Compare organizing thoughts or papers with tidying objects on a desk. Read content structure and physical arrangement while allowing overlap for goods.
言い換える and 繰り返す: rephrasing and repeating
Compare replacing a technical term with everyday wording and repeating words for pronunciation practice. A request for more polite wording asks for a change in expression.
述べる and 主張: stating something and the claim stated
Read the difference between an act of stating reasons or witnessed events and the claim expressed. 主張を述べる combines an action with its content.
言及 and 引用: mentioning a topic and quoting wording
Compare references to a cost issue or research direction with a sentence quoted from a diary. Preserve the scope of barely mentioning and of a request to mark a quotation.
発言, 発音, and 発声: content, pronunciation, and voice
Compare a meeting remark, word pronunciation practice, and vocal exercises before choir practice. Identify the content or sound each activity concerns.
口頭 and 筆記: speaking, writing notes, and written answers
Read a request to convey changes in writing and an example of taking notes. Keep the oral or written method separate from delivery means and examination completion.
口述 and 朗読: giving an oral account and reading aloud
Compare a grandfather’s account written down by a grandchild with readings of a poem and a story. Recording, a writer, and an unscripted delivery are not required conditions of 口述.
独り言 and 会話: an overhearer and a conversation partner
Compare muttering heard from the next room with conversations involving a friend or classroom practice. Hearing speech does not by itself make someone a participant.
雑談 and 議論: casual talk and discussion of an issue
Compare chatting before a meeting, an idea emerging during a break, and discussion of school rules. Time, conflict, and a conclusion do not alone determine the word.
反論 and 批判: countering a claim and evaluating a target
Compare counterarguments to a claim with criticism of a proposal or work. Read the target and argumentative relationship rather than sorting the words by emotion.
異論 and 賛成: no objection and active support
Compare having no disagreement about a proposal’s direction with supporting a park-preservation proposal. An absence of objections does not establish everyone’s expressed support.
理解, 納得, and 同意: understanding, accepting reasons, and agreeing
Compare understanding how a machine works, accepting a decision after hearing reasons, and agreeing to a meeting-place change. These are not mandatory successive stages.
肯定 and 賛成: acknowledging effort and supporting a proposal
Compare acknowledging another person’s effort, affirming a question, and supporting a plan. Identify what is affirmed and what proposal receives support.
否定 and 反対: denying content and opposing a plan
Compare denying a rumor’s content with explaining opposition to a plan. Distinguish the spatial meaning of 反対側 and keep denial separate from verification.
主張 and 提案: advancing a position and proposing action
Compare a position supported by grounds with a proposal to extend break time. Separate making a proposal from the example of revising a schedule based on one.
断言 and 断定: asserting firmly and reaching a definite judgment
Compare a firm declaration about completing a plan with judgments about a cause or animal type. Expressed certainty is not evidence of success or sufficient proof.
論点 and 根拠: the issue examined and the grounds offered
Compare organizing three issues with a request to explain the grounds for an opinion. Read the question under discussion separately from the support for a judgment.
作者 and 主人公: the creator and the central character
Compare a creator placing a secret in characters’ names with a protagonist who grew up in a small town. Do not transfer an event in the story into the creator’s biography.
解釈 and 翻訳: interpreting meaning and translating between languages
Compare interpretations of a poem or rule with translations of novels and a manual. Distinguish reading a translation from being its translator.
誤解 and 誤字: misunderstanding meaning and a character error
Compare a brief explanation’s possible misunderstanding with typos corrected before submission. Separate an error in understanding from an error in written characters.
添削 and 校正: feedback on writing and proofreading a document
Compare a teacher’s composition feedback with manuscript proofreading before printing. Read edited-text comparisons, typo lists, and actual corrections as different information.