Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
承る and 注文: the provider politely receiving an order
Distinguish the customer's order action from the provider's 承る. Availability of a telephone channel or a planned visit to hear requests does not establish that a request has been received.
手渡す and 郵送: handing directly and sending by mail
Compare handing documents directly with mailing them. Read the delivery means rather than only the place or recipient.
引き渡す and 手渡す: transferring an item and handing it directly
Distinguish the transfer role from a direct handover method. Read the recipient and method separately, including the transfer of a completed building.
受け取る and 受け入れる: receiving a document and accepting its content
Distinguish receiving a proposal document from accepting the proposal. Also read the interpretation sense of 受け取る rather than restricting it to physical receipt.
回収 and 収集: retrieving items and gathering material
Compare retrieving answer sheets or products with gathering research material or stamps. Do not restrict 回収 to return to the original distributor.
搬入 and 搬出: moving goods into and out of a building
Compare moving exhibits into a building with moving them out. Keep the specified building's boundary separate from commercial purchasing.
運搬 and 配送: general movement of goods and shipment to a recipient
Compare general transport with shipping to a receiving place. Distance or vehicle type alone does not make the terms mutually exclusive.
積む and 下ろす: the loading position and the source of lowering
Read loading onto a cargo area and lowering from a shelf with their locations. Distinguish where the object is placed from where it is lowered.
重ねる and 束ねる: overlapping layers and a gathered bundle
Compare layering blankets with bundling flowers. Read the arrangement of the objects rather than only a change of wrapping material.
荷造り and 包装: preparing luggage and wrapping an item
Compare packing for a move with wrapping an object. Wrapping can be part of packing without establishing completion of the entire packing task.
詰める and 包む: putting inside a container and wrapping the outside
Compare packing clothes inside a suitcase with wrapping a gift in paper. Read the container marked by に and the material marked by で without assuming a completely full container.
開封 and 開ける: unsealing and opening in a broader sense
Compare opening a sealed box or envelope with opening a closed window. Focus on the seal without adding a requirement that the object has never been opened before.
封 and 栓: a sealed closure and a plug for an opening
Compare an envelope's sealed closure with a stopper in a bottle or hole. Read the objects of 封を切る, 封をする, and 栓を抜く.
結ぶ and 縛る: tying a cord and binding an object
Compare tying with the focus on binding an object securely. The two descriptions may overlap in one action using the same cord.
組み立てる and 分解: from parts to a whole and back to parts
Compare assembling a bookcase with taking a clock apart. Examining the inside after disassembly does not establish completed repairs or reassembly.
留める and 止める: fastening and stopping with とめる
Compare fastening documents with stopping a car through representative combinations. Do not turn the kanji choice for the same reading into an absolute rule for every context.
収納 and 片付ける: storing items and tidying a space
Compare storing clothes in a box with tidying a room. Storage may be part of tidying without establishing completion of the whole room.
撤去 and 移動: removing an installation and changing location
Compare removing an installed stage with changing location. Removal and movement can overlap without establishing disposal or destruction.
処分 and 廃棄: handling unwanted goods and discarding them
Compare dealing with unused furniture with discarding materials. 処分 of goods alone does not identify disposal by discarding as the exact method.
譲る and 貸す: passing an item on and lending it
Compare passing on a cherished watch with lending a bicycle. Read the transfer direction and the lending relationship without deciding from the verb alone whether money is involved.
寄付 and 譲る: supporting an activity and passing an item on
Compare donating books to a library with passing a watch to a grandchild. Read the overlap between transfer and support without limiting donations to money.
配布 and 支給: handing items out and providing needed goods
Compare distributing meeting materials with providing winter clothing to workers. Distribution and provision can be overlapping focuses of one action.
取り扱う and 操作: handled goods and the act of operating a machine
Distinguish the goods a shop handles from operating a machine. Also read subject matter, operating ability, and an explanation without turning them into completed operation.
破損 and 故障: physical damage and a failure of function
Compare damage to a box corner with a washing-machine malfunction. Damage and functional failure may overlap, and inspection alone does not establish an absence of problems.
紛失 and 盗難: a missing item and theft as its cause
Distinguish losing a ticket from theft as a cause. An item being missing alone does not establish theft; also separate prevention purposes from actual events.
補修 and 交換: repairing an existing item and replacing a part
Compare repairing an existing object with replacing something. Repair and replacement can occur within one repair task, while a planned start differs from completion.
不良 and 破損: a quality judgment and physical damage
Compare judging a part defective with damage to a box corner. A quality judgment alone does not establish a specific breakage, and the judgment's object matters.
見本 and 試供品: a reference sample and a sample provided for trial
Compare samples showing color or a writing model with samples supplied for trial. Read their roles and separate deciding whether to buy from completed purchase.
予備 and 代わり: a prepared spare and actual substitution
Compare spare batteries with using soy milk instead of milk. Having a spare does not by itself establish that it has been used as a substitute.
用具 and 備品: tools for an activity and equipment provided in a facility
Compare tools used for work with equipment in a meeting room. One object can have both an activity purpose and a role as facility equipment.