Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
家族 and 親戚: family and relatives
Separate the scope of a relationship from who attended a gathering.
祖父 and 祖母: grandparents and generations
Introduce grandparents and use particles to identify who did what.
夫 and 妻: introducing a spouse
Describe a spousal relationship and distinguish relationship nouns from action roles.
息子 and 娘: identifying sons and daughters
Identify whose child is meant without guessing their age.
友人 and 知人: friends and acquaintances
Describe a relationship without assigning an exact degree of closeness.
先輩 and 後輩: seniority distinct from age
Distinguish seniority in school, organizations, or activities from actual age.
同僚 and 仲間: coworkers and companions in an activity
Distinguish sharing a workplace from sharing an activity.
先生 and 教師: a form of address and a profession
Distinguish the title 先生 from the occupational noun 教師.
大人 and 子供: adults, children, and one's offspring
Separate age categories from the relationship of being someone's child.
男性 and 女性: categories in descriptions and notices
Read nouns for men and women alongside expressions of targeting and inclusion.
玄関 and 廊下: entrance areas and corridors
Distinguish an entrance area from a passage between rooms.
床 and 天井: floors and ceilings
Describe the bottom and top of a room and read object locations accurately.
壁 and 柱: walls and pillars
Name parts of a building and distinguish figurative uses.
窓 and 戸: windows and doors as action targets
Distinguish windows from doors and identify what is opened or viewed.
机 and 椅子: arranging desks and chairs
Describe a work surface and a seat through locations and quantities.
布団 and 枕: laying out and putting away bedding
Name bedding and pillows while separating preparation from use.
棚 and 引き出し: shelves and drawers
Distinguish where items are placed from where they are taken out.
庭 and 屋根: gardens and roofs
Distinguish outdoor space around a home from the covering above a building.
台所 and 浴室: kitchens and bathrooms
Distinguish a room's purpose from where an action currently occurs.
部屋 and 居間: rooms in general and living rooms
Distinguish the broad room category from the specific living-room function.
服 and 着物: clothing in general and kimono
Distinguish the broad word for clothes from a specific form of dress.
上着 and 下着: outer garments and underwear
Read clothing names by how they are worn and follow action order.
帽子 and 手袋: verbs for wearing hats and gloves
Choose verbs suited to items worn on the head and hands.
靴 and 靴下: putting on shoes and socks
Distinguish two items that share a wearing verb and follow their order.
袖 and 襟: sleeves and collars
Separate a garment from its parts and read alteration or cleaning scope.
糸 and 針: thread, needles, and clock hands
Distinguish sewing material and tools from a needle-shaped item in another context.
布 and 絹: cloth as a form and silk as a material
Separate cloth in general from its material, reading means and composition.
洗濯 and 掃除: laundry and cleaning
Choose the activity noun according to what is being cleaned.
洗剤 and 石鹸: cleaning products and intended uses
Name detergent and soap while separating intended use from actual use.
汚れ and 染み: dirt and remaining stains
Distinguish a broad dirt noun from a particular stain in context.