Learning guides
Understand readings and expressions, then put them into practice with review and mock tests.
内径 and 外径: inner and outer diameters
Distinguish the inner opening from the outer boundary of a tube. Values in millimeters still describe different diameters when labeled 内径 and 外径.
厚さ and 奥行き: thickness and front-to-back depth
Distinguish a shelf board’s thickness from the shelf’s front-to-back depth. Read the direction of each measurement instead of treating both as the same dimension.
斤: a bread unit and a traditional weight unit
Read 一斤 in context as a unit of sandwich bread or a traditional weight entry. The character 斤 alone does not supply one gram conversion for every item.
縮尺 and 倍率: map scale and image magnification
Use 縮尺 to relate map distance to real distance and 倍率 to read image magnification. A change in displayed size does not itself mean the real object has grown.
拡大 and 縮小: changing a photograph’s display size
Read 拡大 and 縮小 when they change the represented size of a photo or drawing. Distinguish an enlarged photograph from the actual object shown in it.
伸縮 and 寸法: dimensions before and after stretching
Check the state in which the 寸法 of a stretching or retracting object was measured. Do not mix its unstretched and stretched lengths as measurements under identical conditions.
容量 and 量: capacity and the amount currently inside
Distinguish how much a bottle can hold from how much it currently contains. A capacity of 1 liter does not establish that the bottle is full.
密度 and 重量: density and total weight
Read liquid density on an equal-volume basis and distinguish it from total weight. Higher density alone does not determine the weights of unequal amounts of liquid.
振幅: maximum displacement from the center
Read 振幅 from the center of a simple oscillation. Distinguish moving the drawing upward on a screen from changing the size of its displacement.
測定 and 推定: measured and inferred values
Distinguish obtaining a value by measurement from inferring it from clues. Also keep a plan to organize measurement results separate from an action already completed.
誤差, 偏差 and 差: identify the reference value
Distinguish a difference from a given true value from a difference from the mean. The same number can express different comparisons depending on its reference.
精度 and 桁: measurement quality and displayed digits
Distinguish checking measurement quality from displaying more digits. More decimal places alone do not establish an improvement in 精度.
数える and 計算: counting items and calculating
Distinguish counting actual items from calculating with given numbers. A request to count or a calculated total does not establish that every item was physically checked.
水分 and 乾燥: total weight and water content
Distinguish an object’s total weight from the 水分 within it. A statement that it was dried does not by itself give a remaining water content of exactly zero.
比較的: find the comparison standard in context
Read a 比較的 evaluation with its comparison standard. Relatively flat does not mean perfectly flat or supply a measured slope angle.
等しい and 同等: equal items and comparable levels
Read 等しい and 同等 within the stated comparison. Preserve ほぼ and 性能の面では so that approximate equality in one aspect does not become complete identity.
一致 and 類似: matching items and similar features
Distinguish a match in a specified item from resemblance in some features. A request to check a number or a similar appearance does not establish a match in every item.
等級 and 数値: a classification and a measured value
Distinguish a grade classification from a numerical measurement. Even a numbered grade does not become a measured length or weight with a physical unit.
一定: a maintained value and specified conditions
Distinguish 一定に保つ from 一定の条件 in context. An adjustment intended to maintain a value and a conditional ability to apply do not both describe completed outcomes.
倍率 and 率: recruitment ratio and actual hiring rate
Read each recruitment ratio with its reference headcount. When advertised places and actual hires differ, the actual hiring rate is not simply the reciprocal of the applicant-to-place ratio.
買い物 and 購入: shopping as an activity and the item purchased
Distinguish 買い物をする and 買い物に出かける from an item followed by を購入する. Going shopping does not identify the goods actually bought.
発売 and 販売: the start of sales and the selling activity
Compare 発売予定 and 発売日 with the activity expressed by 販売する. A planned release next month does not establish present availability.
仕入れ and 購入: purchasing stock for sale and purchasing generally
Read the stock-for-sale purpose of 仕入れ alongside the broader action 購入. Both descriptions can apply to the same purchase.
入荷 and 出荷: stock coming in and goods going out
Read 入荷 at the receiving shop or warehouse and 出荷 at the supplying location. Identify the reference place and direction of the goods flow.
品切れ and 売り切れ: overlapping out-of-stock notices
Compare lack of available stock with goods sold out, while preserving the overlap in notices. Check restocking details separately.
納品 and 配送: supplying ordered goods and transporting them
Compare the ordered-goods role of 納品 with the transport expressed by 配送. One delivery event can include both descriptions.
取り消す and 訂正: retracting content and correcting an error
Compare cancellation or retraction with correction. Distinguish withdrawing the content from fixing an incorrect part.
調達 and 用意: obtaining needed materials and making them ready
Compare obtaining materials with having something ready for use. Ownership or a new purchase alone does not make the words mutually exclusive.
預ける and 預かる: the entrusting party and the keeper
Read who entrusts something and who keeps it. Distinguish the recipient marked by に from the source marked by から in the selected examples.
預かる and 借りる: keeping an item and borrowing it for use
Compare keeping someone else's property with borrowing it to use. Possession alone does not establish the purpose of borrowing.