不良 and 破損: a quality judgment and physical damage
Compare judging a part defective with damage to a box corner. A quality judgment alone does not establish a specific breakage, and the judgment's object matters.
Judge quality with 不良
不良, read ふりょう, means defective in this goods context. 検査で不良と判定された部品を箱から除いた。 says that the part judged defective in the inspection was removed from the box.
The defective judgment and removal are stated. The criteria and specific defect need other information; do not automatically add a visibly broken exterior.
Read physical damage with 破損
破損, read はそん, concerns physical damage in this contrast with a quality judgment. 輸送中に箱の角が破損した。 says that the corner of the box was damaged during transport.
Physical damage can be a reason for a defective judgment. However, not every defect is visible breakage, and this sentence does not report a separate quality judgment on the box.
Read the outcome and the judgment's object
部品の破損がないか一つずつ確認した。 says that each part was checked for damage. Distinguish checking from the outcome concerning damage.
物語の少年は周囲から不良と呼ばれているが、動物には優しい。 says that the boy in the story is called a delinquent by those around him but is kind to animals. This use for a person differs from judging a part's quality.
Does 不良と判定された for a part alone establish that its exterior was broken?
Show the answer and why
No. A quality judgment is supplied. The exact damage or reason for that judgment needs additional information.