不良

1. Origins, structure, and basic meaning

• Structure: 不良 (ふりょう) can mean a defective item or a delinquent person. Both examples use quotative と for classification or naming.
• Basic usage: Inspection judges a part defective; people call a fictional boy a delinquent.

2. Common pitfalls and similar expressions

• Quality classification and label applied to a person
  • 判定された invokes a specification; 呼ばれている reports a social label. The label alone does not prove the boy's character.