投げる and 受け止める: a throw's direction and a stated catch
Compare throwing a ball or rope end with catching a ball and accepting opinions as advice.
投げる: a ball toward a friend and a rope toward shore
投げる (なげる) means to throw. 「友人に向かって柔らかい球をゆっくり投げた。」 means “I slowly threw a soft ball toward my friend.” The soft ball was thrown slowly toward a friend; a catch is not reported.
「船の上から、岸にいる仲間へロープの端を投げる。」 means “From the boat, I throw the end of the rope to my companion on shore.” The object thrown from the boat to the companion on shore is a rope end; the sentence does not report that the companion received it.
受け止める: catching with both hands and accepting advice
受け止める (うけとめる) means to catch or to accept. 「飛んできたボールを両手で受け止めた。」 means “I caught the flying ball with both hands.” The sentence explicitly reports catching the incoming ball with both hands.
「厳しい意見も改善の助言として受け止める。」 means “I accept even harsh opinions as advice for improvement.” Harsh opinions are accepted as advice for improvement.
Read direction, results, and figurative acceptance
Throwing toward someone does not establish that the person received the object.
Accepting opinions as advice does not establish agreement with every opinion or completed implementation.
Does 投げた toward a friend establish that the friend 受け止めた the ball?
Show the answer and why
No. The direction and throw are reported. A separate example explicitly reports catching an incoming ball with both hands.