凍土

1. Origins, structure, and basic meaning

• Structure: Spelling: 凍土. Reading: とうど. Core meaning: frozen ground; permafrost.
• Basic usage: Representative examples: 春の日差しで畑の凍土が少しずつ緩んだ / 調査隊は凍土の深さを数か所で測った.

2. Common pitfalls and similar expressions

• Frozen ground and permafrost
  • 凍土 broadly denotes frozen ground. The English term “permafrost” has the narrower technical sense of ground that remains frozen long-term, so it should not be applied automatically to every temporarily frozen surface.