如何

1. Origins, structure, and basic meaning

• Structure: 如何 is read as いかん and is a formal noun for how an outcome, state, or circumstance turns out.
• Basic usage: Use the fixed patterns 結果の如何にかかわらず for regardless of outcome and 状況如何で決まる for depending on circumstances.

2. Common pitfalls and similar expressions

• Reading and construction
  • Unlike interrogative いかが or everyday どう, いかん survives mainly in formal written set expressions.
• Presence or absence of の
  • It appears both with の in 結果の如何 and directly after a noun in 状況如何, so learn the constructions as units.