凶作

1. Origins, structure, and basic meaning

• Structure: 凶作 is read as きょうさく and is a noun for a poor harvest or crop failure.
• Basic usage: It is a cause in 凶作で食料が不足する and something anticipated in 凶作に備える.

2. Common pitfalls and similar expressions

• Harvest versus shortage
  • 凶作 names the poor harvest; a food shortage may result from it but is not the word's direct meaning.
• Roles of で and に
  • で marks the cause of the shortage, while に marks the situation for which preparations are made.