受け取る and 渡す: the receiver and the person handing an item over
Describe one document transfer from both sides, identifying the people marked by に and から.
The receiver's action
受け取る, read うけとる, means receiving something handed or sent. 私は同僚から書類を受け取りました。 means that the speaker received documents from a colleague.
から marks the colleague as the source of the documents. 荷物を受け取りました。 states that a package or baggage was received, but additional information is needed to identify the sender.
The action of handing something over
渡す, read わたす, means handing an item to someone. 同僚は私に書類を渡しました。 says that the colleague handed the documents to the speaker.
These two sentences can describe the same transfer with different acting subjects. The receiver 私 is the subject with 受け取る and the recipient marked by に with 渡す.
Receipt and subsequent actions
書類を受け取ってから、担当者に渡しました。 means that the speaker received the documents and then handed them to the person responsible. One person is first the receiver and then the giver.
受け取りましたが、まだ中身は確認していません。 says that the item was received, but its contents have not yet been checked. Receipt does not establish understanding or completed review.
Who received the documents in 同僚は私に書類を渡しました。?
Show the answer and why
私, the speaker. 同僚 is the person handing them over, and 私に marks the recipient.