彫刻 and 版画: a sculpture, carving, and a scene in a print
Distinguish 彫刻 as a bird-shaped sculpture or a carving action, and 版画 as a made print with its own depicted scene.
彫刻: a work in the plaza and an action on wood
「広場の中央に鳥をかたどった彫刻がある。」 means “A bird-shaped sculpture stands in the center of the plaza.” 彫刻（ちょうこく） means sculpture here. 鳥をかたどった gives the bird shape of the work, and 広場の中央に locates it in the plaza.
「職人が木に細かな模様を彫刻した。」 means “The artisan carved a delicate pattern into the wood.” Here 彫刻した is the action of carving a pattern into wood. 職人 is the artisan performing it, and 木に identifies the material worked on; this action differs from the presence of a sculpture in the plaza.
版画: making a print and viewing its depicted village
「美術の授業で、木の板を彫って版画を作った。」 means “In art class, we carved a wooden board and made a print.” 版画（はんが） means a print. In art class, we made a print after carving a wooden board; 木の板 is the material used in that particular example.
「白黒の版画には、雪国の静かな村が描かれていた。」 means “The black-and-white print depicts a quiet village in a snowy region.” The scene depicted in the print is a quiet village in a snowy region, while 白黒 describes the print’s black-and-white presentation. Japanese 描かれていた describes the image as a past state; the English translation describes the print’s content with present-tense depicts.
Keeping the work, action, and image distinct
鳥をかたどった彫刻がある gives the presence of a sculptural work, while 模様を彫刻した gives a carving action. 木の板を彫って版画を作った connects carving the material with making the print, without making wood the only possible material for every print.
The Japanese and Korean renderings preserve the past state of the village image, while the English depicts describes what the print shows in the present tense. Neither rendering dates a change in the actual village from the image alone.
What roles does 彫刻 have in 広場の中央に鳥をかたどった彫刻がある and 職人が木に細かな模様を彫刻した?
Show the answer and why
In the first sentence, 彫刻 names the bird-shaped sculpture. In the second, 彫刻した describes the artisan’s action of carving a delicate pattern into wood. A named work and a carving action have distinct roles.