refine

1. Origins, structure, and basic meaning

• Structure: The on reading is れん, and no kun reading is listed. It has 16 strokes. It appears in words for disciplined training and refining metal.
• Basic usage: 鍛錬 is read たんれん, and 精錬 is read せいれん.

2. Common pitfalls and similar expressions

• 鍛錬 / 精錬
  • 鍛錬 means training or discipline and is read たんれん. It refers to steady training used to develop a skill.
  • 剣士は毎朝欠かさず鍛錬を続けた。 means “The swordsman continued his training every morning without fail.”
  • 精錬 means refining or smelting and is read せいれん. It refers to a process for refining metal or smelting ore.
  • 産業資料館で金属の精錬工程を模型から学んだ。 means “At the industrial museum, I learned about metal refining through a model.”