Grammar

Lists several representative actions from among a larger set of possible actions.

Adds a related fact or action after the preceding sentence.

Follows the stem of a descriptive expression or another expression of state to describe the manner or resulting state of an action.

Follows the past form of a verb to indicate what happens after the first action is completed.

Lists two or more alternatives and asks which one applies.

Introduces another alternative after the first option in a question.

Follows a quantity or time to show that the value is approximate rather than exact.

Appears at the end of a sentence to clearly convey information or a judgment that may be new to the listener.

Follows the stem of a descriptive expression to connect it to the noun it modifies.

Connects two nouns to express a relationship such as possession, affiliation, or type.

Casually lists representative examples from among several possible items in conversation.

Follows a noun to indicate the cause of the event or state that follows.

Follows a person or animal to indicate the companion with whom an action is performed.

Follows the item used as the standard of comparison for a quality or preference.

Combines with a past form or a form expressing a resulting state to indicate that something has already finished or reached a completed state.

Appears at the end of a sentence to seek agreement or share a feeling with the listener.

Marks the surface or target directly contacted by an action such as attaching or striking.

Follows a field, system, or context to limit the scope in which a judgment or explanation applies.

Conversationally links a statement to something contrary to it or different from what might be expected.

Gently connects two clauses when the second presents a different circumstance or result from the first.

Connects a clause to a contrasting or unexpected statement that follows.

Connects a statement to a contrasting one in a relatively formal manner.

Politely completes a judgment or explanation after a noun or an expression of quality.

Politely indicates that something is not the stated noun or quality.

Follows a number as the counter used to state how many people there are.

Combines with numbers from one through ten to count objects that do not have a more specific counter.

Precedes a noun to indicate something far from both speaker and listener, or something known to both.

Directly refers to an object far from both speaker and listener without a following noun.

Directly indicates a place far from both speaker and listener.

Directly indicates the speaker's location or a place near the speaker.

Precedes a noun to indicate something near the speaker.

Directly refers to an object near the speaker without a following noun.

Directly indicates the listener's location or a place near the listener.

Precedes a noun to indicate something near the listener or something mentioned earlier.

Directly refers to an object near the listener or just mentioned, without a following noun.

Follows a place noun with a verb of departure or separation to mark the place being left.

Marks a desired object to express the wish to have it.

Follows a verb stem to express the speaker's desire to perform an action.

Follows a place to mark the direction of movement, emphasizing the direction rather than arrival.

Follows a noun to indicate movement in the general direction of that thing rather than to an exact point.